Clinical

Figure 2. a) Marked amount of echogenic bile positioned centrally in the gall bladder surrounded by thin hypoechoic rim. b) Moderate amount of mildly organised echogenic bile centrally positioned in the gall bladder surrounded by thick hypoechoic rim. c) Mildly heterogenous well organised echogenic bile that occupies the entire gallbladder lumen. d) Echogenic bile organised into a typical stellate pattern characterised by radiating hyperechoic striations alternated by anechoic bile.

A review of gallbladder mucocele – part 1: aetiopathogenesis and diagnosis

The gallbladder is a round organ situated between the quadrate and right medial liver lobes consisting of a fundus, body and neck (Evans and de Lahunta, 2013). The gallbladder connects to the duodenum...

Figure 1. 14-week old British Shorthair with wet feline infectious peritonitis.

Current treatment options for feline infectious peritonitis in the UK

The two drugs discussed in this first section are injectable remdesivir and oral GS-441524, both nucleoside analogues. These treatments are legal in the UK, although they are not licensed – therefore,...

Figure 2. Severe crusting and small erosions on the nasal planum and bridge of the nose in a cat with pemphigus foliaceus.

Pemphigus foliaceus in cats

Pemphigus foliaceus is an antibody-mediated autoimmune skin disease. Autoantibodies belonging to the IgG subclass attack and destroy the desmosomes, the special structures connecting one keratinocyte...

Figure 1. The constant feedback loop between our environment and our behaviour. The figure shows how, given a specific environment/situation we will have particular emotions and feelings based on how a situation meets or does not meet our needs. This information is interpreted by our brains and will result in a behaviour. Our behaviour will result in a change in environment and the cycle will then start anew. Adapted from Rosenberg's (2015) non-violent model of communication.

An exploration of setting healthy personal boundaries as a veterinary professional – part 1: at work and beyond

Personal boundaries are the emotional and behavioural metaphorical walls that we need to maintain healthy relationships with ourselves, other people and our environment. We need to set a boundary when...

Figure 1. Various products are available for slug and snail control in the UK, but this will change as new legislation comes into effect

Molluscicide toxicosis in dogs

Metaldehyde has long been a common ingredient of molluscicide preparations. However, from 31 March 2022 the outdoor use of metaldehyde slug baits has been banned in the UK to protect wildlife and the...

Figure 4. Elizabethan collar to assist in preventing trauma to the operation site. This is rarely needed with appropriate analgesia. Sugar gliders can often reach most body parts even with an Elizabethan collar fitted.

Neutering sugar gliders

It has been documented that a sugar glider should be fasted for approximately 4 hours before anaesthesia for castration (Pye and Carpenter, 1999). However, in the authors' experience, because of the...

Figure 5. A lateral cervical radiograph demonstrating emphysema. Gas lucencies are seen subcutaneously (arrow 1) and within the fascial planes of the neck (arrow 2). Any gas lucency evident that is not within the trachea or oesophagus raises suspicion of dorsal pharyngeal or oesophageal puncture.

Acute oropharyngeal puncture wounds: a review

Owners may recognise a specific event leading to the injury, such as their dog running for or retrieving a stick (Robinson et al, 2014). Alternatively, owners may be out of sight from the event and...

Presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of primary gastric lymphoma in 13 cats

Evidence from human medicine suggests that primary gastric lymphoma should be considered a separate disease entity (Doglioni et al, 1992; Ferrucci and Zucca, 2006). The results of this study suggest...

Figure 1. Schematic representation of haematopoiesis.

Feline pancytopenia: a review of causes, investigation and treatment

Cases of feline pancytopenia reported in the literature typically presented with vague clinical signs, including reduced appetite and lethargy (Stanley and Eatroff, 2017; Lyraki and Wilson, 2020),...

Figure 1. A right lateral radiograph confirming a diagnosis of gastric dilatation volvulus in a Daschshund.

Gastric dilatation volvulus: a treatment guide

Before anaesthetising the patient for corrective surgery, preoperative stabilisation is essential. The following factors should be considered, although there is no prescriptive order in which they...

Figure 2. Nasal mite.

Parasite roundup for 2021

ESCCAP UK & Ireland continues to advise that all UK cats and dogs be treated at least every 3 months to reduce egg shedding. High risk groups (cats and dogs on raw unprocessed diets, those that hunt...

Figure 2. Strategies trialed to optimise preventative healthcare consultations by veterinary surgeons responding to a global survey on booster vaccination consultations (n=597). Respondents were able to select multiple strategies if they had trialled more than one of the options.

The importance of preventative healthcare: what 10 years of research from the Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine reveals

Researchers within the Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine initially used broad-based approaches to identify the research priority areas for the veterinary profession. This involved direct...