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CPD article: An updated review of the indications and adverse drug events associated with the ectoparasiticides used in small animal practice

02 November 2020
Clinical
25 mins read
02 November 2020
Volume 25 · Issue 10

Abstract

The global burden of ectoparasitic infestations is exacerbated by the lack of licensed vaccines, meaning safe and effective ectoparasiticide drugs are vital to their prevention and treatment. However, adverse clinical consequences of treatments for ectoparasites affect thousands of cats and dogs in the UK each year. The unpredictable outcomes of these treatments in some animals can be associated with undesirable consequences and there is a lack of knowledge surrounding their use. This article discusses indications of the major classes of ectoparasiticides used in small animal practice and highlights the types of adverse drug reactions associated with the parasiticides used to treat ectoparasite infestations in dogs and cats. Overall, the incidence of adverse drug events reported in relation to ectoparasiticide use, compared to the total doses administered globally, is small. The potential consequences for animal and human health of not using ectoparasiticides is likely to be more serious than the current rate of adverse drug reactions being reported. The benefits of protection from ectoparasite infestations will therefore outweigh the potential consequences of adverse events associated with such treatment.

Ectoparasites that infest cats and dogs represent a significant threat to animals' health and welfare. In a recent UK survey, tick attachment prevalence in dogs ranged between 28–32%, indicating a widespread problem (Abdullah et al, 2016). It is important to treat, prevent and control ectoparasite infestations for the health of the animal, as well as for public health, because of the zoonotic potential of some ectoparasites (Mencke, 2013). Ectoparasites can cause various dermatological signs, such as pruritus, allergy and even anaemia in heavy infestations (Beugnet et al, 2014). Furthermore, they can act as vectors for various pathogens causing disease, hence ectoparasiticide treatments are important in restricting the spread of these pathogens (Geurden et al, 2017a).

Diagnosing an ectoparasite infestation involves skin scrapes, hair plucks, hair combing, acetate strips and visual examination (Wall and Shearer, 2008). Fleas can be found by thoroughly combing the host with a fine-toothed flea comb (Beugnet et al, 2016). Palpation and visual examination by systematically pushing the hair against the hair growth will reveal any ticks living on a host (Navarro et al, 2016). Definitive diagnosis of mite infestations requires clinical suspicion based on dermatological signs and microscopic identification of the mite (Romero et al, 2016). A variety of surface mites and deep mites can infest companion animals. Superficial skin scrapings are sufficient to find Sarcoptes scabiei, but deep skin scrapings are necessary to detect Demodex mites (Paterson et al, 2014). Lice and their eggs are easily visible to the naked eye so visual examination of the host is adequate to diagnose a lice infestation (Gunnarsson et al, 2005).

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adverse effects
companion pets
ectoparasites
ectoparasiticides
efficacy